PRESENT-IN is poorly defined because the definition is circular —

By ‘PRESENT-IN a subject’ I mean what is in something, not as a part, and cannot exist separately from what it is in. (1a24–5)

Examples

This grammatical knowledge is PRESENT-IN a soul.

This white is PRESENT-IN a body.

Color is PRESENT-IN body.

Features

• Dependence: PRESENT-IN is a relation of fundamental ontological dependence. What is PRESENT-IN a subject, Aristotle says, belongs to it “not as a part, and cannot exist separately from what it is in” (1a24). (This is Kant’s inherence.)
• Separate-sphere relata: The relation is a cross-categorial; things PRESENT-IN a subject are non-substances; the things they are PRESENT-IN are substances: non-substances are PRESENT-IN substances.
• Accidental: What is PRESENT-IN a subject is accidental (non-essential) to that subject.

Undefined.

Examples

Man is SAID-OF Socrates. Animal is SAID-OF man. (Hence) animal is SAID-OF Socrates.

White is SAID-OF this (particular) color.

Color is SAID-OF white.

Features

• Classification: SAID-OF is a relation of fundamental ontological classification.
• Subsumption: It is the relation between a kind and a thing that falls under it. It is a transitive relation (i.e., if x is SAID-OF y and y is SAID-OF z, it follows that x is SAID-OF z).
• Same-sphere relata: Its relata belong to the same category. A universal in a given category is SAID-OF the lower-level universals and individuals that fall under it.
• Essential: What is SAID-OF a subject is essential to that subject.

Application of the above dividing concepts leads to a fourfold system of classification:

1. +S+P: Said-of and present-in: accidental universals
2. +S¬P: Said-of and not present-in: essential universals (natural kinds)
3. ¬S+P: Not said-of and present-in: accidental particulars (tropes)
4. ¬S¬P: Not said-of and not present-in: primary substances (essential unities)